Biomedical imaging is playing an important role in all phases of cancer management including screening, stag-ing, monitoring of treatment, and in long term surveillance of cancer patients. Imaging forms an essential part of cancer clinical protocols and is able to furnish morphological, structural, metabolic and functional information. Early detection of cancer through screening based on imaging is probably the major contributor to a reduction in mortality for certain cancers. Imaging techniques currently available or in development for the diagnosis, staging and surgical treatment of cancers include US (ultrasound), CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Reso-nance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and optical imaging. In recent years, the major advances in imaging and the combination of molecular biology and the imaging sciences have merged into a new research field named ‘molecular imaging’. It includes all imaging modalities which include PET-CT, PET- MRI and optical imaging.

Nanomedicine, defined as the application and convergence of nanotechnology in biological, pharmaceutical, and medical-related areas, offers a plethora of unprecedented tools that can revolutionize cancer therapy. Nanoparticles as chemotherapy delivery systems exhibit several advan-tages: i) protect the payload from premature degradation in the biological environment; ii) enhance the bioavailability; iii) prolong presence in the blood; iv) deliver to target tissues more precisely with a controlled release. In addition, the possibility to optimize NP biophysical (i.e., size, charge, shape, and material composition) and biological (i.e., ligand functionalization for targeting) properties allows for highly tailored delivery platforms. However, despite thirty years of interesting discoveries and extensive experimentation, only 15 cancer nanodrugs have been approved, and they exhibit only a moderate impact on overall survival compared to relevant standard therapies. This review aims to describe the state-of-art of cancer nanomedicine by discussing both clinical outcomes and factors that are limiting nanodrugs translation from bench to bedside.

Niosomes are vesicles that are prepared with a mixture of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants. They can be used as drug delivery systems, so they should designed according to requirements of drug carrier systems. They should carry the amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs with a predetermined rate to the targeted area. They can carry Niosomes have the potential to increase bioavailability and reduce the side effects of drugs, and they are used more than one hundred drugs in the literature. These examples were applied by several routes such as intravenous, oral, transdermal, inhalated, ocular or nasal. This review includes an overview of the niosome compositions, preparation methods, characterization, and their drug delivery applications.

Trials were carried out to deposit a film of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) using Titanium Isopropox-ide (TTIP) and H2O as precursors. Due to insufficient partial pressure, no coating was achieved. To increase the partial pressure, a bubbler was fabricated. TTIP was carefully filled in the bubbler, and deposition of TiO2 was obtained by a trial recipe. The number of ALD cycles was varied to obtain films of different thicknesses. The coatings were characterized using Ellipsometry, UV-Vis-NIR Spectrometer, and SEM-EDX.

During the last few decades, the utilization of nanotechnology is exponentially increasing in biomedical engineering applications, such as anti-biotics, antimicrobial agents, and anticancer therapies. It is known that a large number of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms orig-inate from the fact that these pathogens have developed resistance in commercially available drugs. Thus, the development of novel, effective, non-toxic, and low-cost therapy for better treatment of diseases is imperative. Nanoparticles based on metals and metal oxides have emerged as a promising means of therapy due to their exceptional properties. Among these nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have drawn significant attention owing to their eminent biomedical properties. A variety of physical as well as chemical methods is utilized for the ZnO NPs synthesis. However, many of them include the use of hazardous reagents or are energy-consuming. For this reason, green methods are proposed to synthesize ZnO NPs using biological substrates. These methods possess significant benefits, as the extracts contribute positively to the for-mation and improvement of the antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs, also acting as reducing and stabilizing agents. In this review, an integrated approach of ZnO NPs bio-synthetic techniques using microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and algae, plants and plant extracts, is discussed, shedding light on their comparative advantages.